Keffiyeh— a traditional headdress of the Middle East, made of a square cloth, folded and wrapped into various styles around the head. There are many local variations of the keffiyeh. Some wearers wrap the keffiyeh into a turban, while others wear it loosely draped around the back and shoulders. It is usually made of white cotton (popular in the Gulf states); however, there are also checkered pattern in red (usually associated with Jordan) or black (usually associated with the Levant – Israel, Lebanon, Palestinian territories, Egypt, and Syria). The keffiyeh is commonly found in arid climates to provide protection from the sun, as well as for occasional use in protecting the mouth and eyes from blowing dust and sand. The keffiyeh has various spellings (kaffiyah, keffiya, kaffiya, or kufiya), as well as alternate names (shmagh/shemagh, ghutra, or hatta).
Tagiyah— a skullcap sometimes worn under the keffiyeh to keep it from slipping.
Agal— a thick, doubled, black cord that holds the keffiyeh in place. Some men may choose not to wear the agal. This item originated as a "camel hobble" used to whip camels in the legs as an obedience tool. It was additionally used as an impromptu "parking brake" for the camel, which was slipped over a front knee to prevent the camel from running off when no stable or tie-off was available. In modern times, this item has become decorative in nature and no longer serves this functional purpose.